Lego Structure

Structure is dependent on strategy. If an organization has vertical integration then they operate a functional structure, which gives efficiency through economies of scale. If an organization uses a diversification structure then there is a business unit structure which gives customer responsiveness. However, many firms have a hybrid structure; this type of structure balances efficiency and customer responsiveness. A company also can choose to outsource through a contract with another company for them to perform an activity along their value chain.Many companies choose to outsource work which is not vital to their core in order to take advantage of cheap labor, there is a trade-off between cost and quality. LOGO has a functional structure as it is split into sectors such as markets & products, global supply chain & community, education & direct. Under each of these functions are executives for each product and regional area, which proves for an effective centralized communication str ucture. Since its creation LOGO has been privately owned by the Kirk Christiansen family.The Corporate management of LOGO consists of the CEO, SCOFF amp; 4 executive Vice Presidents who each have their own business area. Previously, to develop stronger leaders with skills to take groups into new areas managers were moved around rapidly. After 6-12 months in one position, managers were rotated or replaced by someone who could do better. The reasoning for this was general leadership experience was considered more valuable than specialized direct experience with LOGO toys. Also during this period (1999 – 2004) senior management consolidated 25 country-level sales companies into 5 regional entities.In late 2003, LOGO was facing a dire situation and changes were required. Ploughman (CEO) and 4/14 person management team were asked to leave the company by the Christiansen family. 517 senior manufacturing executives were fired due to differing views on what direction LOGO needed to t ake to become successful again. New CEO, Inductors also decided to change the management team policies. LOGO has become focused on specializing their managers to make them the best they could possibly be.Managers have stayed in the same position for the last few years and are focused on upgrading their capabilities and becoming more strategic as they truly understand their roles and business areas. LOGO has been focused on having a family like atmosphere and an approachable CEO to encourage owner/CEO relations, strong alignment with their brand vision, celebrating loyal employees and a willingness to give your best. To create an environment for employees to thrive, LOGO had their management emphasize collaboration between different departments and create opportunities for people to meet other employees through inter-department meetings.In the early sass, many of the LOGO groups competitors outsourced their manufacturing to the Far East due to the cheaper costs. LOGO kept their manuf acturing processes in-house as their strategy is highly focused on quality to maintain their brand reputation upheld since 1932. The mentality of keeping expansions in-house was to protect the LOGO brand, and that only LOGO sufficiently knows their brand and the expression of it could therefore not be outsourced. LOGO later decided to outsource to Flatirons, an electronics manufacturing service Flatirons and move production back in-house as manufacturing is core to LOGO.Flatirons was too different from LOGO and their inventory accuracy fell, McCollum betimes shortened because of lower maintenance levels and in some cases purchasing costs rose instead of falling. LEO now mainly outsource where they lack the in-house capabilities like LOGO NOMINATORS electronics. Overall, LOGO has made appropriate changes to better match their structure to their strategy by having experienced managers in specialized roles with specific knowledge and experience of LOGO products. Their functional struct ure has allowed LOGO to continue with their efficiency required for their innovative build, differentiation strategy.

Mental Exploration with Super Natural Elements

Man is born with love, happiness, gloom and desperation but along with it, an essence of an unknown fear. It is a fear of strange phenomenon that has imbibed within their soul from their ancestors’ ardent belief in supernatural forces in their social and cultural lives. The aura of feelings of that strangeness is so strong in many that they begin to believe their activities and their lives as a result of the strong influence of this strangeness. The traits of these feelings dominates’ their mental powers to the extent that they deem all the supernatural elements a reality. These feelings also rely on all the displeasures and pains that he feel in the life which he mostly find in environment and nature around. He began to feel nature as personification of devils and witches, the shapes given by fork-lore of the generations past and have become so part of our life that they took many of us in its vintage of belief. All the stories, Poe’s â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher†, Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, and Bierce’s â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, are psychopathic novels. In all these stories, protagonists have strange feelings of supernatural elements with evilness and dread-ness not withstanding shrouding in them but along with that there are also scenes of lives they had passed and hope for a future if they would have lived long. These stories are not just shrouding with physical fear and gruesome murder tales but there are certain more intrinsic qualities examining mental upheavals and heart swearing souls of protagonists. They are not in certain supernatural as other tales of Gothic literature but are given the supernatural touch to the objects and environment so close to protagonists. Poe gave the House of Usher a supernatural realm and Roderick Usher felt himself into close associated with the house and owed his odd behavior to the house. Usher had a feeling that his morale and his behavior were dependent on this house. From the beginning of the story only, it had been told that there was something very unusual and peculiar about this house. When narrator met Roderick Usher, he remarked†¦ â€Å"The physique of the gray walls and the turrents, and of the dim tarn into which they all looked down, had, at length, brought upon the morale of his existence.† (Poe, 1515). In the house, narrator also felt a sense of gloominess. Usher’s family though belonged to the ancient clan could not flourish, as there remained only one survival member from generations. It happened with Roderick Usher too, his twin sister Madeline died and Roderick with the help of narrator buried Madeline in the tomb in building itself. Often Roderick would become very uneasy and would hear strange sounds and often mutter himself. They also saw the bright looking gas surrounding the house. Roderick felt that they had buried Madeline alive and she would often come out of the tomb and felt that she was standing behind the door. Wind blew the door opened and Roderick was confirmed as he saw her standing in white robes covered with blood as if she was struggling to escape. She attacked Roderick as life was passing from her and Roderick died due to fear. Along with the death of Roderick, the house too collapsed and narrator escaped from the house. There is no doubt of the fact that writer had espoused upon the supernatural elements while giving the mental dilemma of Roderick. Poe developed claustrophobia in the story. The supernatural element is naturally the ghost of Madeline. Some scholars even point to the fact that Madeline never existed but only the part of Roderick’s mental imagination but Madeline was there. Both were twins and shared same sense of dispositions. Though Madeline died soon yet Roderick never found himself separated from Madeline: this is main thrust of the story and they were again united in the end when Madeline became the cause of Roderick’s death. There is no thematic element in the story but only reflects the psychological and claustrophobic disturbances that can haunt any lonely person in a huge mansion from the walls of which spring woeful tales of his ancestors. Hawthorne shared same tendencies with Edgar Allen Poe to bring supernatural elements. His writings shook our nerves; with his ardent touch of supernatural elements, he showed us our fears and inhibited desires. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† has both the elements of supernaturalism in the form of devil having snakelike staff that he always carried with him. Hawthorne portrays devil as equal to Brown as if there is a certain common link between the two.   It emphasizes the puritan theology, that devil is everywhere in the world. It implies every man has the qualities impersonalized by goodness as well as evilness and we easily get distracted towards evilness. Brown got every chance to go back to Faith, his wife representation of religion, purity and goodness but he fell into the trap of devil as his ancestors did.   This meeting with supernatural element in the wilderness left Brown completely distorted in his vision of the world and as a result he got psychologically disturbed and began to live with empty heart. He began to see devil behind every bush and in the heart of every man but without realizing that devil was in his heart. He always felt within him evilness and his end mounted in hopelessness and wretchedness. Hawthorne said, â€Å"A stern, a sad, a darkly meditative, a distrustful, if not a desperate man, did he become, from the night of the fearful dream.† (Hawthorne, 612) He could not even listen to the holy psalm, because sin had already overpowered his soul. As compared to Edgar Allen Poe, his Young Goodman Brown has an element of theme. It is the theme of Christian doctrine over evilness. If a person once gets into the trap of evil, it is impossible for him to come out of it. He went into the evil world full of darkness and even though tried to come out of it could not emerge out and finally fell into an eternal doom. Ambrose Bierce’s Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge is a clear picture of man whose end is near-his feelings; psychological desires and tendencies brunt open his inherent willingness to live into this world. It is again a psychological dilemma of man punished to be hanged till death at Owl Creek Bridge. There is no direct supernatural element in this story as is in Hawthorne’s or Poe but Peyton Farquhar thoughts and some strange sounds when he saw the log drifting in the stream below and the strange light when he was falling in the river and drowning. There is an essence of realistic touch in the end of the story. In his dream, what Peyton Farquhar saw â€Å"strange roseate light†, trees that look like â€Å"giant garden plants†, and â€Å"great golden stars† (Bierce 274) are though supernatural in essence and immersed in the words as real but what exactly Peyton Farquhar’s was looking at were only artificial substances woven in his mind. All events of his attempts to escape and finally when he fell down from the shot was the psychological manifestation of a man within whom there was a realization that he could escape from the clutches of death and become free like a log drifting in a river before. His love and remembrance for his wife and children was so imbibed in his soul that he felt some supernatural power would come to save him from death, but his death was inevitable. Though he thought he had escaped from soldier’s claws yet when he was going to meet his beautiful wife, he fell down from the shot and in the end, we saw him dangling from the Owl Creek Bridge. There is a misdirection of plot in story pleading a man’s desire of life but if death has to come, then no one can escape from it. This is a thematic game that Ambrose Bierce's played so naturally with the mental trip of Peyton Farquhar. Middle age was the period of Gothic literature-Witches, ghosts, spirits, etc. have formed the part of these stories and the whole environment have the feeling of strangeness in the midst of real lives, but the depth to which these stories are presented gave these stories a different dimension. These stories are more of man’s mental disturbances and emotional upheavals that take the form of supernatural beings. What a man thinks, idealizes and gets set backs in life is all form of devils and witches coming to grasp him in his jaws. This is the thematic element, Poe, Hawthorne and Bierce’s so profoundly and dexterously espoused in their stories. WORKS CITED Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher.† The American Tradition in Literature ei~th edition. Ed. George and Barbara Perkins. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994. 1511-1523. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Norton Anthology American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym. New York: W.W Norton & Company, 1999. 601-613. Bierce, Ambrose. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.† Norton Anthology of American Literature: Volume 2. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. New York: W. W Norton, 1998. 268-275.      

Case study: Engineering Products

CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF POWERANDCONTROL OPERATING AT ENGINEERING PRODUCTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE MANAGERSANDEmployee A.Introduction This paper presents a critical scrutiny of the impact of power and control that exists at Engineering Products. The appraisal is viewed from two positions: from the directors and from the employees. The paper is structured with a context of the treatment, the critical scrutiny from the positions of the directors and so the employees, and so the decisions from the critical appraisal. B.Context The instance survey focuses on the Engineering Products’ division focused on edifice automotive constituents. This division is presented in the instance as the largest of the firm’s concern countries, whose employees form c.60 % of the work force of the company. In the actions taken by the division’s workss and the enterprises being pursued within the division, an apprehension of the power and control of the directors and the employees is presented. C.Impact OF POWERANDCONTROL – MANAGERS’ PERSPECTIVE A driver of the integrating enterprises of Engineering Products for its automotive constituents division was from the demands of the clients for standard constituents across assorted markets. From the managers’ position, there are a figure of avenues that present itself for the directors to act upon the behavior of the employees and drive the actions of the workss of the automotive constituents division. These cardinal avenues are the undermentioned:Through top-down ‘think tanks’– These are the ‘manufacturing councils’ and the International College of Engineering which are designed to be ways for the division to larn new methods from other people in other workss and implement these new methods to better the public presentation of their workss and the productiveness of the division overall. The usage of think armored combat vehicles in administrations has been found to be an effectual manner to develop organizational acquisition and, if decently implemented and complemented with employee preparation, can take to considerable alteration in the productiveness and effectivity of administrations. [ 1 ] Engineering Products is therefore o n the right path in footings of using believe tank type of enterprises to drive organizational acquisition and implement the enterprises that could hold important alterations to the administration and lead to the improved public presentation of the automotive division of the house. The power and control that the directors are able to deduce from the think armored combat vehicle construct relies on the corporate thought of a successful group of directors in set uping alteration in the administration to prosecute the integrating that is required in the sector to run into customers’ demands.Internal advisers– Engineering Products has besides conceptualised an inaugural wherein directors with specific experience or cognition of new practises are assigned as nomadic directors who ‘roam’ from one works to another works to implement the new practises that could alter the actions and behaviors of employees, and lead to increased productiveness and efficiency for t he employees and the workss. Internal advisers have found success in many administrations and have had positive impact through their actions peculiarly if they are directors who are able to â€Å"deal with anyone necessary to acquire the occupation done, change organizational construction, invite others to fall in in determination devising, portion information, and, seek to get the hang most of the managerial disciplines.† [ 2 ] For Engineering Products, the success of the internal advisers lies in their ability to leverage the credibleness that they bring after holding developed the new practises that they are efficaciously implementing ( or â€Å"preaching† ) in the workss across the divisions. As the internal advisers see success in their enterprises, their credibleness will spread out and they will be able to exercise more power and control over the employees, and over the alterations that they implement in the workss.Best practise meetings– In add-on to the ‘top-down think tanks’ and the internal advisers, Engineering Products besides have directors portion on a regular basis with other directors the best practises that have been implemented in their ain workss to profit other workss, and guarantee that the overall productiveness of the automotive constituents division of Engineering Products is improved. The best practise meetings that Engineering Products has designed could be a productive enterprise. As the work force of Engineering Products is mostly international, the usage of best practise meetings and the sharing of the success and acquisitions from other parts of the concern have been identified to be an effectual manner of conveying the best out of the administration and implementing the acquisitions across the house. [ 3 ] From the managers’ position, the usage of best practise meetings among the directors to portion acquisitions is another manner of using their power and control over employees by adding another influencing method through the usage of the best practise sharing consequences from other parts of the concern. The effectivity of the attack is dependent on the value of the best practise acquisition that is brought to the tabular array by the directors and is presented to the work force for execution in the workss.Menace of work force decrease– Directors besides exercised power and control of the employees through the menace of work force decrease. For illustration, the recent probe of the Spanish works and the execution of its practises were expected to take to a reduced work force for the division. Thus, with this menace hanging over the caputs of the employees, the directors were able to exert power and control, and have the employees act as needed or implement the actions required by the directors. In contrast to the other power and control facets of the directors, this is a different attack as it utilises the usage of fright among the employees for the director s to demo their power and control. This is a peculiarly negative procedure and experience for the work force, and the inappropriate usage of the method can take to dissatisfied employees that become full of misgiving of the direction in a house. [ 4 ] Thus, the usage of this method should merely be as a last resort and has to be handled decently in order to non hold a dysfunctional administration that is non runing decently as this will take to a hapless working environment, lower productiveness, and hapless fiscal and operating public presentation for the administration.For the most portion, the power and control exercised by the directors in the automotive division of Engineering Products relies on accomplishments and cognition, and the execution of best practises across the company. These directors efficaciously rely on the success of their practises, and use their experience as a beginning of credibleness in the actions they take, and as the footing of their direction of the emp loyees. This is positive and can be really effectual. Among the directors, Engineering Merchandises has instituted an internal competition mechanism designed to guarantee that the directors of the workss have an inducement to move in support of the aims of the house in implementing the best practises that the division’s workss have entree to, and which the directors are able to larn from the assorted avenues that have been put in topographic point by Engineering Merchandises. The directors do hold another method in which to exert power and control of employees which is contrary to the rules that the other actions present. This is the usage of the menace of redundancy of the employees. While this could be an effectual method for certain state of affairss, it is best if this attack is minimised as the unfavorable effects of the usage of this attack can be considerable for the administration. D.Impact OF POWERANDCONTROL – EMPLOYEES’ PERSPECTIVE While it would look that power and control were easy in the custodies of the directors of Engineering Products, the employees had a figure of ways in which to act upon the determinations that were being made, an the actions of the directors that would impact the employees. The cardinal ways in which the employees showed power and control were:Employee representation– While non existing in all workss, most workss had established employee representation through the brotherhoods which existed in the workss. Through the brotherhoods, direction in Engineering Merchandises were ‘forced’ to listen to the employees and work with the employees on assorted issues that were raised by the employees. There have been a batch of reappraisals of the corporate criterions and behavior that administrations prosecute, and the usage of employee representation has been an effectual manner for employees to guarantee that there is just intervention of the employees and besides an constit ution of proper on the job criterions and conditions for the work force. [ 5 ] Thus, one can reason that employee representation is one of the most effectual ways to guarantee that employees besides have power and control on their state of affairs in administrations. For Engineering Merchandises, this is the instance for some of the workss wherein employee representation exists. For the other markets where this is non the state of affairs, so there would look to be less power and control for those employees when compared to their opposite numbers, and surely, when compared to the power and control that the directors have presently in their disposal to pull off the employees.Adoption of the new and best practises from other workss– Employees besides had power and control in how the enterprises that were introduced as best practises were decently implemented in the workss. This is so because the employees finally would be the 1s that implement the new practises or the best prac tises that have been introduced in the workss. Therefore, employees were able to act upon the result through their direct engagement in the execution of the best practises in the workss. The extent of the usage of employees of the acceptance of best practises as a manner to exert power and control is mostly dependent on the relationship and interaction between directors and employees. For administrations which have developed and strong and positive relationships between directors and employees, the acceptance of the best practises from other workss is non questioned by employees, and is embraced easy peculiarly if these are linked to employee authorization, and preparation and development of the employees. [ 6 ]From the employees’ position, there seems to be much less chances to demo their power and control over the directors in the house. Tocopherol.Decision The demand of the clients in footings of the quality and criterions of the constituent parts drove the automotive constituents division of Engineering Products into implementing enterprises designed to better the standardization across the division including the interaction of the directors and employees. As shown, there are a figure of attacks that from the managers’ perspective the house can utilize as power and control in set uping alterations to the administration which include the usage of top down think armored combat vehicles, internal advisers, best practise meetings, and the menace of redundancy. From the employees’ position, there is less range to demo their power and control ( and for some of the employees, even less so ) as they merely have mostly the employee representation and the acceptance of the best practises in the workss as the tools to act upon power and control. Fortunately, the cardinal attacks taken by the division’s directors seem to be positive attacks that rely on the usage of experience and capablenesss to act upon employees and non the usage of fright such as redundancy. Therefore, there surely seems to be big range for the directors and the employees to work together closely in bettering the public presentation of the division and prosecute the integrating that is envisioned by the house to run into the demands of the clients. Mentions Birdi, K.et Al( 2008 ) , ‘The impact of human resource and operational direction practises on company productiveness: A longitudinal survey, ’Forces Psychology, 61 ( 3 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 4 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Bryant, S. E. , & A ; Terborg, J. R. ( 2008 ) , ‘Impact of Peer Mentor Training on Creating and Sharing Organizational Knowledge, ’Journal of Managerial Issues, 20 ( 1 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 4 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Dumaine, B. ( 1993 ) , ‘The New Non-Managers, ’Luck, February 22: 81 Gandolfi, F. ( 2008 ) , ‘Reflecting on Retrenchment: What Have Directors Learned? , ’SAMAdvanced Management Journal, 73 ( 2 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 4 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Kundu, S. C. , & A ; Vora, J. A. ( 2004 ) , ‘Creating a Talented Workforce for Delivering Service Quality, ’Human Resource Planning, 27 ( 2 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 4 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Locke, R. , Kochan, T. , Romis, M. , & A ; Qin, F. ( 2007 ) , ‘Beyond corporate codifications of behavior: Work organisation and labour criterions at Nike ‘s providers, ’International Labour Review, 146 ( 1/2 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 5 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Macky, K. A. ( 2004 ) , ‘Organisational Downsizing and Redundancies: The New Zealand Workers ‘ Experience, ’New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations, 29 ( 1 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 5 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Roberts, K. , Kossek, E. E. , & A ; Ozeki, C. ( 1998 ) , ‘Managing the planetary work force: Challenges and schemes, ’Academy of Management Executive, 12 ( 4 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 4 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com Singh, S. K. ( 2007 ) , ‘Role of Emotional Intelligence in Organisational Learning: An Empirical Study, ’Singapore Management Review, 29 ( 2 ) , [ online ] , accessed on 3 January 2009 from Global Factiva Database, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.factiva.com 1

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Women give up many of their naturally granted values in fight for Research Paper

Women give up many of their naturally granted values in fight for gender equality, which is often mistaken for sameness - Research Paper Example ich include physical attractiveness/sexual selection theory and other social theories like exposure, familiarity, personality, dependability and intelligence. The purpose of this research paper is to identify which of the two approaches are more likely to be used by the two genders – male and female. To this end, the paper will be written on the basis of the thesis that men are more likely to be drawn to a romantic partner because of physical or sexual attractiveness whilst women are more likely to be drawn to a romantic partner on the basis of their personality, exposure and other social features and statuses. In testing the hypothesis to prove or disprove it, there are numerous theories and concepts that can be brought to the fore formulate and draw logical conclusions. The first question that comes to mind is why men often seek female partners who are younger than them? It is obvious that women are more beautiful and more attractive sexually when they are younger, than when they grow older. Therefore, it can be generalized with a degree of accuracy that men go for younger women because younger women are more beautiful and sexually more attractive. Charles Darwin’s sexual selection theory indicates that in most cases, men tend to desire younger and more attractive women as a symptom of their mid-life crisis (Darwin 17). On the other hand, the parental investment theory that is put forward by Robert Trivers states that men subconsciously seek traits that show signs of fertility and strong genetic features which can be found more clearly in younger and sexually attractive women than men (Trivers 3). This creates a kind of subconscious mental situation whereby men look for women with strong genes. However, women are more oriented to think in relation to a partner who has long-term abilities because they think within the context of raising a family. Hence, women look beyond just physical traits and sexual attractiveness. They look for a man who has the social

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How the pen is Important - Research Paper Example It acts as a filter, blocking the processing of extraneous information. Writing letters with a pen or pencil on paper, we concentrate better and make the brain to pay attention to what we write. Virginia Berninger, a psychologist from the University of Washington, explains the differences between the handwriting and the keyboard, so that with handwriting a person commits more movements, because each letter has its own set of elements, and work on the computer is monotone, you need only to press a key (Berninger 72). Many famous writers preferred to write novels and plays by hand, even when their colleagues have chosen the keyboard. In 2009 psychologists of the University of Washington have found that students who wrote essays by hand, got the text which was richer and more diversified, they used more sophisticated phrases and coped with the tasks faster than their peers, who were typing on a computer (â€Å"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice†). Working at a computer overloads our sensory system. Staring of the screen, cursor movement, the temptation availability of any information in a single click – here are the factors which dull our creativity. On the contrary, when you have just a piece of paper and a pen in front of you, the brain does not receive any additional stimulation and focuses its resources on a specific task. Many professors believe that computers serve as distractions, detracting from class discussion and student learning (Yamamoto 56). Habit to record the experiences and thoughts on paper can reduce their severity. (Pennebaker 43) Natalie Rogers, an author of expressive psychotherapy techniques, considered diaries as an important way of self-expression and the awakening of creative energy. The more often we write by hand – the more frequently we express our individuality, is Rogers`s opinion. It is expressed in the shape and size of letters, handwriting fluency, and location of the text on the page. In the process of writing we

Foundation of The Republic of Turkey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Foundation of The Republic of Turkey - Essay Example This actually led to the fragmentation of the empire. In spite of this Ottoman participated in the First World War being a German ally and was defeated by the victorious forces. The Ottoman Empire was partly occupied by the victorious force, but in a bitter war Turkish nationalists who were brought together by Mustafa Kemal were able to expel them from Anatolia. Finally they were also able to abolish the Ottoman Empire in 1923. Once the republic of turkey was formed, country’s leaders focused on westernization and modernization of the country. Turkey went through massive social, economic, linguistic and political reforms during the period of 1924-1934 under the leadership of Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal). Today this ideology of Ataturk is known as â€Å"Kemalism†. Kemalism is basically the Turkish form of strong nationalism, secularism, western orientation and statism. In Turkey’s politics Kemalism is one of the most popular subject for discussing and debating because even today the principles of Kemalism are well accepted in Turkey. This was the foundation of modern Turkey. In World War II Turkey joined Allied force with the purpose of becoming a United Nations member. In 1952 Turkey became a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (US Department of State, History). Turkey’s geographical location is quite interesting as some part of the country is geographically part of Southeastern Europe and rest is part of Southwestern Asia. Basically it is a Middle East country. Turkey is placed in between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Turkey’s total area is 783,562 sq km. Among this 769,632 sq km is the total land area and the rest is water. In terms of total area Turkey is slightly bigger than Texas. Turkey is at the 37th position in the world with respect to total area. It is quite clear from the global map of Turkey that turkey’s border is shared with eight different countries which are Armenia, Azerbaijan.

History of Movie Theaters in Louisiana and the Surrounding Area Essay Example for Free

History of Movie Theaters in Louisiana and the Surrounding Area Essay When we think of the history of the traditional, American movie going, a number of images come to mind: the mighty organ accompanying a movie palace’s silent-era feature, the Iconic searchlights proclaiming a Golden Age Hollywood premiere, teenagers cruising at the local drive in, an audience of otherwise sensibly attired adults wearing cardboard, and young adults carrying five dollar bills to the Cineplex at the end of the mall in order to see the latest sequel. But while these iconic, even stereotypical, images suggest something of the truth behind the American movie theater’s history, they also omit much of the social reality that has co-existed along with these instances of the mainstream filmgoing experience. While Hollywood features and first-run urban theaters may have greater single importance than any other mode of exhibition, a number of other important alternatives have fleshed out audiences’ encounters with film. One such alternative, with a fascinating yet understudied history all its own, was the Black movie house circuit that existed in the United States from (at least) 1907 until the 1970’s (Crafton 412). With the project in mind of examining the cultural, social, and economic history of Black film theaters. I will discuss in this essay the development of Black film theaters in Austin, Texas, focusing especially on that city’s longest standing and most prominent â€Å"show†, the Harlem Theater. Although movies came to the Texas capital before the turn of the century and all-movie theaters began to proliferate there during America’s post-1905 nickelodeon boom, the first recorded â€Å"colored† film theater – the Dixie-Dale – opened in Austin in 1920 under the management of Joseph Trammell. I found no other details about Trammell or the Dixie-Dale, but it is recorded that after two years the theater was renamed the Lincoln and managed by A. C. Lawson until it closed in 1928 or 1929. Austin also supported a second Black movie house in the 1920s. The Lyric, which opened in 1922, just one block east of the downtown Lincoln, was owned and operated by Dr. Everett H. Givens, a practicing dentist (with an office next door) who would become Austin’s most prominent Black civic leader from the 1930s until his death in 1962. For reasons unclear at this point, Dr. Givens’ Lyric, which changed its name to the Dunbar when A. C. Lawson took over its management in 1929, survived the Lincoln by a few years, closing in 1931. Whether the fist Black film theaters in Austin closed due to the Depression, the cost of converting to sound, or some other reason, is impossible to judge given the paucity of data available about these enterprises. However, placing the existence of the Lincoln and the Lyric in the contexts of both African American life in Austin and the concurrent national Black film theater scene enhances a historical understanding of these two houses both as business and as entertainment venues. From a national perspective, we know that the motion picture theater, with its roots in the Jim Crow era, had always been subject to racial segregation. Sometimes Black patrons were restricted to balconies or other special sections of the theater, but Black-only theaters were common in the United States from at least 1910, a year when a Black newspaper in Washington wrote matter-of-factly that â€Å"there are separate motion picture theaters among the whites and blacks in this country†(Washington Bee 4). Although at the turn of the century â€Å"there was hardly a theater for colored people in the entire United States† (Negro Yearbook, 24), by 1925, there were at least 425 Black theaters (of all types), virtually all of which offered films â€Å"in whole or part. Of these, nearly half were, like the Lyric and possibly the Lincoln, Black-owned (Negro Yearbook, 379). But ownership of Black movie houses, in contrast to the first-run, White theaters of the day, was not done by regional or national chains, nor by affiliated circuits; because houses operated independently, the dynamics of local conditions of affected theaters like the Lincoln as much as national structure did. Historically, social and economic conditions changed greatly for Austin’s Black movie houses appeared. During and after Reconstruction, Black neighborhoods had existed in several locations around Austin: Clarksville in west Austin, Kincheonville to the south, Gregoryville in East Austin, Masontown in the southeast. Horse’s Pasture and Wheatville to the north, and so on (Austin American-Statesman, D41). Compared to other towns of the time, particularly in the South, race relations were fairly calm, albeit within the practice of institutionalized racism. The town boasted â€Å"three colleges and institutions for colored people,† maintained some neighborhoods (such as Masontown) that were racially integrated among Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Asians, and in general obtained a reputation as a town without the major problems of racial violence that plagued most American communities. But during the ‘teens segregation patterns began to develop’ (Freeman). In 1919 a White representative of the young NAACp was beaten by a White mob in the middle of downtown, and in the 1920s â€Å"the city of Austin created a ‘Negro district’ in East Austin†¦ inducing blacks to move there† by implementing though zoning laws elsewhere (Austin American-Statesman, D41). So it was that the majority of Austin’s African American population (which has consistently remained at just below 20 percent of Austin’s total) became concentrated in an area east of downtown and between 12th Street to the north and 7th Street to the south. Not surprisingly, then, both of Austin’s silent-era Black theaters were built on East 6th Street, near the racial dividing line of East Avenue, within the only downtown shopping and dining district that served Black patrons, yet away from the White theater district on the city’s main thoroughfare of Congress Avenue. I could uncover little information, however, that would indicate the nature or reception of these early movie houses. Longtime Austin resident I. C. Jones recalled visiting the Lincoln as a child, where he remembers a piano player accompanying the motion picture entertainment. Lonnie Bell, who wrote for the Black press in Austin for 50 years, indicates that in the 1920s both the Lyric and the â€Å"Lawson Lincoln Theater† were among the very few venues for Black entertainment in the city and so â€Å"did well before the Great Depression in ’29. † (10)Other information about Everett Givens also indicates that he made the Lyric/Dunbar into a focal point for the Black community, viewing the theater as a civic improvement projects as much as a business investment. Flachmeier 32) That these two movie houses were well received an supported by the Black community can also be inferred from the fact that a 1940 account of Austin history prepared by students at Tiltson College (a Black institution) referred to the era of 1905 to 1929 as a time when â€Å"privately owned amusement centers were developed† by Blacks – even though no other Black amusements of second were instituted during this period (Brewer 34). As I mentioned earlier , the cause for these theaters’ demise cannot be established absolutely, but several factors undoubtedly offer reasonable explanations. Bell’s assertion that it was the economic devastation of the Depression that closed the Lincoln and Dunbar makes logical economic sense. Black theater owners, like even the big-time operators, would have been hit hard as the US economy collapsed. Moreover, inasmuch as movie tickets are purchased with â€Å"disposable† income, Black patrons would have been especially likely to curtail their moviegoing since even before the Depression Blacks in Austin earned only one-half the wage of White workers. More specifically, both houses in Austin would have found it even more difficult to cope with the hard times if they attempted to make the costly transition to sound technology in the late twenties or early thirties. The Dallas Film Board o Trade’s statistics on Texas theaters indicate that many theaters, especially independently operated ones, closed in the early thirties, having no sound. (In Austin, two of the five White houses, the Crescent and Star, also went out of business in 1929 to 1931. Furthermore, one-third of Texas’ 30 â€Å"colored theaters† were listed as â€Å"closed, no sound† by the mid-1930s. Other factors may have led to the closure of the Lincoln and Dunbar, but, given the theaters’ dependence on the patron-age of a small, economically marginalized population, in the midst of a severe depression their failure is not surprising. But the history of Black film theaters in Austin did not end with the closing of the Dunbar in 1931. In that same year, real estate was purchased and construction begun on a new movie house that would serve as the hub of Black filmgoing in Austin for the next 40 years. The Harlem Theater, which opened on October 5, 1935 (Green 9), distinguished itself from the earlier theaters – and all subsequent ones – by being located in the heart of East Austin, at 1800 E. 12 Street, where it could better attract Black moviegoers. However, before discussing the reasons for the Harlem’s longevity, I point out that although it was Austin’s only exclusively Black theater, it was not without its competitor for Black audiences. All accounts of Austin in the 1930s and forties agree that the Ritz Theater was the only other house that admitted Black patrons on a regular basis, though customers there were limited to balcony seating and made to use a separate entrance. The Ritz, located on the same block of East 6th street where the Lincoln operated, opened in 1930 under White management, showing a variety of second-run Hollywood films. Manager J. J. Hegman (and his son after him) maintained the segregated seating policy until the Ritz’s closing in the early 1960s. More prominent Austin houses, such as those first-run members of the prestigious Interstate Theater Fircuit (the Paramount, Texas, State and Queen), advertised â€Å"colored midnight shows† from time to time as part of the chain’s overall marketing scheme (1942 Yearbook). Thus, while there was some competition for the Black filmgoing audience, segregated, White-managed theaters did not attempt to offer African Americans the filmgoing experience and environment of an all-Black house like the Harlem; however, the Ritz balcony and special events at other White movie establishments did continue to cultivate and maintain Black filmgoing in the Depression, when no Black Austin theaters were open. Harlem were filled by Black employees with the single exception of the projectionists. But for a small neighborhood theater like the Harlem, any sort of product differentiation whether it was with films, live acts, or ambience would have failed to produce enough box offices for the theater’s survival. As with any theater, the bulk of the profit came not from fifteen and twenty-five cent admissions, but from concessions. On this count, the Harlem again distinguished itself as unique among Austin theaters. In addition to the usual popcorn, candy and soft drink sales, the Harlem Theater operated a confectionery. When the Harlem opened in the midst of America’s Depression in late 1935, the theater soon established itself as one of Austin’s most visible and stable Black-owned businesses. In film industry terms, the Harlem’s success was small. With only 14,000 African American residents in 1935, Austin’s marketplace for Black films was extremely limited, and the theater never expanded nor led to a chain of others. But, through a combination of strategic location, product differentiation, managerial conservatism, and diversification, the Harlem Theater was able to become a profitable local business in the midst of an industry whose structure tended to favor national giants. Like the Lyric before it, the Harlem was established by a middle-class, Black Austin native who had been educated at Tillotson College and operated successfully in other local business before embarking on a risky career in the amusement industry. But George F. Jones, who was already in his forties when he opened the Harlem, also had some experience in programming films for Black audiences. His older brother Evie had purchased an Edison projector in the ‘teens and traveled to tent shows in the South and Black churches in Philadelphia showing â€Å"church movies† (that is, filmed passion plays) to all-Black audiences. After college, five years as a postal clerk, and ten years as a bookkeeper. George F.  Jones himself had worked as the head of Prairie View, Texas’ Auditorium (a film theater) while employed as a clerk at Prairie View State College (1925-35) (Brewer 7). With his wife, Sadie, a Prairie View graduate and educator, Jones was active in the Austin real estate market and their â€Å"co-partnership† became known for â€Å"accumulating valuable real estate holdings. † For the last two decades of his life Jones devoted most of his efforts to managing the Harlem, setting up residence next door to the corner theater upon his return to Austin from Prairie View. While his establishment may not have been unique for its time (there were more than three or four hundred Black theaters in the country), the Harlem was remarkable for being only one of seven US theaters owned and operated by Blacks (The Early Days in East Austin, D42). As an experienced theater manager, real estate buyer, and member of Austin’s African American community. George Jones no doubt realized the importance of the theater’s strategic location in determining its success at attracting movegoers. East 12th Street was essentially the Main Street of East Austin (Early Days in East Austin, D42). The area around the Harlem represented a microcosm of African American life: it was both a quiet neighborhood of residences, churches, grocers, drug stores beauty shops, and cafes, and a place to be â€Å"going up on the cuts† – a street where the action and entertainment were, in the form of taverns, beer joints, and (a block away) the Cotton Club and Paradise Inn for music and dancing. The Harlem was also part of â€Å"The End,† that area around 12th and Chicon Streets (one block away) where Austin’s streetcars, until their cessation in 1940, stopped and turned back toward downtown. In essence, those factors which determined that White theaters were centrally located along Congers Avenue – transportation proximity, pedestrian traffic, shopping convenience, high visibility – similarly made East 12th the choice location for a successful Black movie house.

A Study On Ancient Egyptian Religion History Essay

A Study On Ancient Egyptian Religion History Essay Religion played a very significant role in Ancient Egypt. Their religion was greatly inspired by custom and tradition. The Ancient Egyptians possessed a complex and intricate religion. Their main aim throughout their history was to emulate the conditions which they believed has existed at the dawn of creation. (Rosalie, 1988) Ancient Egyptian includes many religious beliefs and rituals performed in Ancient Egypt beyond 3,000 years. The religious beliefs centered on the worship of numerous deities who signified various features of ideas, nature and purposes of power, articulated by the ways of complicated and many archetypes. Ancient Egyptians were polytheists and worshipped literally hundreds of different gods, including their pharaohs, all of whom were believed to be gods in the form of men. The deities were worshipped with offerings and prayers, in family and home shrines including in temples which are administered by priests. Egypt never had a rational hierarchy because different gods were superior at different periods of time in Egyptian history and also the myths related with them changed over time. Nevertheless, religion of Ancient Egypt is recognized or learned prominently by people around the globe. Egyptians believed that the temple with premises as the actual home of the god. They performed their daily rituals by preparing a statue which they considered as their actual deity. The most important ritual was performed during the sunrise. They perform another ritual during the mid-day and the last one when the sun goes down. Before the dawn the temple area is filled with priests, temple servants are seen preparing offerings of food, drinks and flowers. Everyone who was to come into the attendance of the ritual had to be purified. Meanwhile in a room outside of the sanctum, only pharaoh and high priests were allowed where the offerings were set out. The offerings included incense burning and chanting of prayers by priests and priestess. At the same moment as the sun reaches above the horizon, the face of the god was to unseal. This represented the rebirth of the sun as incarnated in the statue. The statue was to wash, perfume, apply make-up and dress in clean clothing. The conclusi on of the ritual includes the high priest anointing the forehead of the statue with scented oil which affirms that the statue has been instilled with existence of the deity. The high priest seals the door of the sanctum and sweeps away his foot prints leaving no trace. Through their ritual and purifying of god, it was said that that the god will protect the two lands which were Upper and Lower Egypt. Religion has been described as a belief in and an admiration for supernatural powers regarded as creator and ruler of the universe. Egyptian religion encompasses their ancient gods, the mythology and other aspects of the religion such as creation, death and the afterlife. However, there are undoubtedly more complications to the religion, such as how the king played into this structure of religion, and ethical beliefs concerning what the god are expected of humans. The Egyptians had many tales regarding how the world started. According to one legend, it started with an ocean in darkness. Then a mound of dry land rose up and the sun god Re appeared. He created light and all things. Another version has the sun God emerging from a sacred blue lotus that grew out of the mud, while a third version has him as part animal and part human. (Heller, 1999) The Egyptian Book of the Dead covers the main thoughts and views in the Ancient Egyptian religion. Egyptians dedicated much time and wealth o n preparing for survival in the next world because of their peculiar belief on afterlife. Egyptians saw death as a temporary phase in the progress to gain a healthier life in the afterlife. They believed that they could only attain their full ability after death. Each person was to possess three souls, the ka, the ba, and the akh. The whole civilization of Ancient Egypt was grounded on religion which made their beliefs very significant to them. Their belief in being born again after death became their influential strength behind their funeral practices. Egyptian religion was complex and complicate, as well as vital to many Egyptians, but their polytheistic beliefs certainly caused problems. In the role of god-kings, a lot of burden was placed on the pharaohs. They were accused for when the land did not produce well, when there were problems with other countries. The Egyptian gods were never considered by them to be personal. Egypt was governed by pharaohs and the pharaohs were given the authority at the command of the Egyptian gods. This belief was so powerful in ancient Egypt that all through the nations chaotic history various pharaohs discontinue his reign to assure the public that they has obtained the power to reign from the ancient Egyptian gods. One pharaoh, a female nonetheless, even went so far as to concoct a wild story to insure her subjects saw her as divinely appointed by Hatshepsut. (The World of the Ancient Egyptian Gods, 2008) Apart from a short period of time when pharaoh Akhenaten tried to establish a monotheistic devotion to one god but the nation was ruled by numerous different Egyptian gods and goddess. Egyptian religion was so interconnected that more focus was provided to their family members and the names of the ancient Egyptian gods name. Throughout the three thousand year period of the polytheistic religion of Egypt was encompassed of a very complicated system of Egyptian gods a nd goddesses. They were the one who studied the knowledge of both the scared mystery teachings and the religious philosophies of the times. Pharaoh appointed different high priests to perform the sacred rituals at different temple because he could not carry out ceremonies at all the temples all over Egypt. Priests often give his throne down their positions from father to son. The priests responsibilities were to supervise the gods and listen to their needs. They also carry out funeral rites, teaching school, administrating the artists and works, and counselling people on problems. The priesthood of ancient Egypt has an extensive and profound history, entrenched within the traditions of Ancient Egypt. While the pharaohs were seen as gods, the priests and priestesses were perceived as replacement for the pharaoh. The job of the priests and priestesses were considered very high in Egyptian society, as is the situation with most ideally based societies. The spiritual characteristics of the priests and priestesses take on a minor role because the aspect of attaining the ethical and basic needs of the Egyptians. Though there work on society served as a method to order society, to establish a hierarchy, and to conserve the culture for future generations. The role of the priests and priestesses were both practical and spiritual on both levels. A priest or priestess in ancient Egypt was normally selected by either the pharaoh, or they accomplished their position by hereditary means. The priests and priestesses who received their positions hereditarily and through the king were allowed to continue their ordinary life. As a matter of fact, such priests were made to comprise the ordinary life to keep Egyptian society working properly. However the priesthood had begun out modestly, with moderately few temples, in the following reigns the temples increased into the hundreds. For such development, a large government was required to keep the temples in good position; and ther eafter, the establishment of small priesthoods of the Egyptians grew from an estimated hundred priests into the thousands later with it came a priestly hierarchy. Priests were often alternated from position to position within the hierarchy and were combined in and out of ordinary society. This alternation method normally went that a priest would enter into temple life one month, at three times a year. This alternation system had a straight association to the often severe purity rites of the priests. Irrespective of what position the priest was, there were numerous restrictions and traditions a priest had to or could not participate in. Ancient Egyptian religion was similar to current times. Everyone does not believe in the same way, or of the same god. Ancient Egyptian followed the same rule of not following the same god. Egyptian pharaoh worshipped their own gods so did the workers, priests, merchants and farmers of Ancient Egypt. Pre-dynastic Egypt had their own way of thinking and viewpoint of a god, which was articulated in symbols and pictures; writing was invented in order to convey spiritual thoughts to the people of ancient Egypt. Egyptians influenced many people regarding religion and Egyptians are known for their devotion towards their religion and gods.

The Electoral Process :: President Elections Politics Essays

The Electoral Process There are very many elections each year in America. Though the most important, the national election for president is held every four years. These elections are far from simple in terms of organization. The process for a national election lasts nearly a year. A party must provide nominated people to stand for election. 'Primary election' is the term used in America for the elections which will select the two parties’ presidential nomination. The primary elections start in January of election year and can last until June in what is called the "primary season". Registered voters vote for their delegates. Since 1952 the first primary election has traditionally been in New Hampshire. Of those nominated, only one is selected by the party delegates at the national conventions. This takes place during the summer. The voting body at a national convention is made up of delegates. The delegates, once at a convention, vote for a candidate for the presidential election. The vice-president is also announced at the national convention. Also at the conventions, each party’s policy platform is announced. This is essentially what each party plans to do if elected by the people. After the national conventions, the two parties’ presidential hopefuls can concentrate on campaigning for the ultimate prize in American politics. Each state has a number of delegates attached to it who are members of the state’s Electoral College. It is these people who the voters in that state are in reality voting for as most of these delegates are voted for at the same time as the presidential election. The number of delegates a state gets is dependent on its population and its representation in the House of Representatives. The election of the electors and congress takes place on the first Tuesday in November. The presidential election is done on a winner-take-all basis in a state. Therefore if a candidate has most voters voting for him in a state, he will get all the Electoral votes from that state. This is true even if the number of people who voted against him is greater than the number he received.

Social Organization and Adaptation in Alpine Environments Essay

Social Organization and Adaptation in Alpine Environments Adaptive Strategies in Alpine Environments: Beyond Ecological Particularism, is an article that evaluates the similarities and differences of two alpine environments. The author’s main point of the article is to identify the consistencies of social organization and adaptation throughout communities existing in high altitudes. The mountain chains used to investigate these regularities were the Swiss Alps and the Himalayan Mountains. Along with finding the consistencies of the communities with in the mountains, they also wanted to discover whether adaptation was created though the mountain environment or outside influences. Rhoades and Thompson, through researching these different mountain ranges, find many similarities throughout the alpine communities. The authors have clear points as to why they believe that the Himalayans and the Alps are so similar. What they bring up first is the fact that they are both immense mountain ranges, and because of the size special adaptations are necessary for survival. Throughout the article though, Rhoades and Thompson do not forget the differences of the ranges. The main thing to be aware of, they point out, is the fact that the Alps are surrounded by a technological advanced and wealthy society. Compared to the Alps the Sherpas of the Himalayans are only a herding society that are not affluent, and the only wealth made in the surrounding areas are from the tourism of the mountains. Putting that aside, the similarities are abundant, considering the location and climate of the two ranges. The authors look to subsistence techniques, regulatory devices, ownership patterns, and sociopolitical forms to find the paralle... ...s of similarities from yet another alpine community of the Andes Mountains. In ending, the authors find that they cannot explain the evolution of alpine areas, but they have found that throughout world mountain communities adapt in similar ways to deal with the mountain environment. The authors also wish to expand on this research but hope to further look in to the adaptations as well as the cultures of the groups. Looking throughout the article it seems as if it has completely different intents than our text. Though the article discusses the Sherpas of Nepal, our text has a completely different idea when talking about the Sherpas of Melemchi. Bishop’s text is overall a more comprehensive study of the Sherpa, and gives more detail on their lives. If anything the article adds to the Bishop text and puts the Sherpa of Nepal in the bigger picture of the world.

Mother Savage & Desirees Baby-Compare and contrast Essay -- essays res

Mother Savage takes place in Virelogne during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The narrator retells the story behind the ruins of a thatched cottage. At thirty-three years of age, Mother Savage’s son volunteered in the war (on the French side), leaving his mother alone. Mother Savage lived alone in her cottage until the Prussians came one day. Since she was known to have money, she had to take four of them. They seemed to be good boys. Since they saw Mother Savage was an elder lady, they showed consideration toward her and helped with as much as they could. She fed them and treated them well even though they were the enemy and her own son was fighting against them. One day she asked them if they know where the French regiment was, since her son was in the 23rd of the line. The Prussians said they knew nothing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After one month of living with those four soldiers, Mother Savage received a letter. In this letter she was informed of her son Victor’s death in detail. She did not shed a tear at first. She was too stunned by the news. Bloody images of her Victor’s death ran through her mind. Never again would she be able to kiss her only child. Victor’s life had been taken away similar to his father who was killed by the police. Shortly after reading the letter, the Prussians came home and she greeted them as if nothing had happened. In her mind, she had already planned a way to get revenge on the Prussians for her son’s death. She set her own cottage on fire after the four Prussians fell asleep. When the police came, Mother Savage told them exactly what had happened. Then, she handed the German police a piece of paper with the four Prussians names and addresses so that they could contact their families about what happened. Mother Savage did not regr et what she did. The German police went ahead and killed her on the spot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Mother Savage we can see violence throughout the story. First of all, it takes place during the Franco-Prussian War. Violence is very significant in this story, not only because of the war, but since it is used as retaliation for the death of a loved one. Mother Savage received a heart-breaking letter informing her of Victor’s death:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maddam Savage: This letter has a sad story to tell you. Your boy Victor was killed yesterday ... ...e turning point of the story of Mother Savage. She understood that the four soldiers she had living in her cottage were enemies, but she had absolutely no problem. â€Å"She liked them well enough, too, those four enemies of hers; for country people do not as a rule feel patriotic hatred-those feelings are reserved for the upper classes† (page 66). After receiving the letter informing her son’s death, Mother Savage could only think of how tragic the scene was at the time her son was brutally killed by Prussian soldiers during battle:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The police had killed his father, and now the Prussians had killed her son†¦he had   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  been cut in two by a cannonball. And it seemed to her she could see it all, the whole   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  horrible thing: his head falling with his eyes wide open, his teeth still gnawing the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  corners of his thick mustache the way he used to be when he was angry. (page 67)

Job roles at Tescos Essay

A Director is also sometimes known as chief executive officer. CEO are the main â€Å"bosses† of PLC’s-Public limited Companies- The title reflects his or her role as both a member of the Board of Directors but also as the senior manager. In large Companies, including investment banks and other financial institutions, â€Å"Director/Managing Director† does not refer to the chief executive but can rather refer to the head of a major business unit. Even though it is known as CEO in some cases, companies prefer the term Director or Managing Director. The responsibility and the role of a CEO is to make sure the company is functioning properly financially. They are the main people who give instructions to employee’s lower status to them. The Directors are the face of the business. They have a huge responsibility as if the company becomes corrupt or bankrupt this will be due to the director not making correct choices. A Managing Director usually has job security because the board rely on them to keep the company running correctly, if the board decides to fire the director it would be really difficult to find a replacement quickly, therefore it would cost the company quite a lot of money. Because of this usually the job of a CEO is secured. Typical day to day jobs of a Managing Director range from making strategic planning to dealing with customers. Skills, qualifications and personal qualities needed to be a Managing director range from University level degree to peer to peer skills in order for them to communicate accordingly with customers. Managing director are highly appreciated for their work, therefore are paid quite large amounts of salaries, these salary begin from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½65,000 and can lead up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500,000. The benefit of a CEO is that they get paid bonuses in the end if they are PLC Company. These bonuses range from 50%+ of the original salary. The CEO/Managing Director of Tesco’s is Terry Leahy. The role and day to day jobs of Terry include making final decisions on things like if Tesco’s wants to create more branches or close down branches. Mr Leahy might also be involved into making decisions such as if Tesco as a whole want a redecoration or they want a new logo. Again Terry Leahy is the face Tesco; he reflects the popularity of Tesco. Operative: Tesco’s operative’s key responsibilities are to offer customer service for their customers. For example, if they are a cashier they will offer customer service when the customers buy products from the till, where as if the they are a shelf stacker they may help customers who are looking for a specific product or give them advice about particular products they might be interested in. A Tesco operative isn’t considered usually as a secure job. The reason being, to be an operative you don’t require a lot of skills, because of this it means that a large amount of people fit this criteria, therefore Tesco’s wouldn’t hesitate to quickly fire the operative as they would have a handful of people to select the new operative from. Tesco also likes to employ their operatives on temporary contracts. This means that by law it is easy for Tesco to get rid of the employee. The only way a Tesco’s operative could get a little bit of security would be if they sign a permanent contract. This means that it would be legally much harder for the company-Tesco- to fire the operative. Usually an operative wouldn’t be offered a permanent contract without previously completing a temporary contract. The basic skills that a operative will need is ranged from good communication skills, and to have basic English and maths skills, also on top of these educational skill they will also need a common sense and a sense of humour. They will need to be organised and well presented. No degree is usually needed to qualify as an operative, but obviously a GCSE will be taken as a good factor. The wages of an operative usually ranges from minimum to around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½7 an hour. Operatives are rarely paid their salaries in a yearly basis. Benefits which affect a Tesco’s operative would be things like a certain amount discount on the companies products, the operative would also be entitled to around about 4-5 weeks paid holiday per year. Manager: The managers, of a branch of Tesco’s have important responsibilities. These range from ensuring that their operatives and supervisors are working to their full potential and that the department or the store is meeting their day to day targets. For example an overall Tesco store manager will have much more responsibilities than for example a meat department manager. The tasks of a Tesco’s store manager would range from ensuring if for example the meat department has enough supplies for the week, or if bakery departments needs more flour to bake bread, the manager might need to arrange the sources. The managers at Tesco’s usually have a stable and secure job. This is explained because to apply for a position like a manager, you will need either have a lot of experience working for Tesco, or another supermarket, or will need to have degrees at a higher level of education. Usually managers of Tesco’s have worked their way up from starting at a lower place like an Operative, and through years of experience they reach the managers position. However reaching a managers position this way is very difficult as it takes a lot of patience and hard work. The other way of getting a job as a manager of Tesco’s, might be to get a business masters degree, although again, this takes a few years of studying in university, and there is only a small range of people who have these type of qualifications in the labour market. The role of the manager of Tesco’s is very different to the job role of an operative. The job of a manager requires a large range of skill; as they will have many decisions to make and problems to conquer. The store manager of a certain branch of Tesco’s might need to make decisions from such as if they need to fire a certain employee at that branch to decide whether or not to change the layout of the Tesco. Another serious problem a manager will be facing would be deciding how to react with the complaints of the stores customers. As you can see the manager has a large amount of responsibility when it comes to decision making, this is why either experience or qualifications is a must, so the person makes the correct decision. The skills which a manager of a supermarket will need will range from good communications skills-in orders to deal upfront with customer’s complaints- to being a proven leader, a motivator in order to lead his or her employees to complete the aims of Tesco the fastest and most efficient way. They need to be able to do independent work, to be organised, committed and hardworking. A sense of humour is also a skill which they need; this comes in handy with the communication with the customers, and is a big asset in solving day to day problems, such as complaints. As a standard procedure, benefits come with the job of being a manager. These benefits are much better than the benefits of a standard operative. Managers are paid in a annual salary-per annum. The amount will vary on the size of the store of Tesco, for example if it’s a Tesco express not a standard big Tesco and the amount of qualifications the individual has. The amount ranges from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35,000. The contract of a manager may state that they are contracted to work 40 hours per week, and this is all they will be paid for, however they may find themselves working longer hours then problems might occur. The benefits of a manager include larger discounts on Tesco’s products compare to operatives, and unlike the 4-5 weeks of paid holiday for operative, the managers will get 5-6 weeks of paid holidays per year. C-Grade A contract of employment is a contract binding under the law of United Kingdom, between the employee and the employer-Tesco’s- stating the terms and conditions of the employment. Explanation of sales operatives contract of employment Salary: A sales assistant is paid just above minimum wage, at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6.50 per hours. A salary is a form of a periodic payment from an employer to an employee, which is specified in the contract of employment, while the wage is a payment for a certain unit of labour for a certain unit of time. The reason for such a small wage for a sales assistant is because this doesn’t require a lot of experience and qualifications, in fact if you can count its enough to be a sales assistant. Date paid: A sales assistant salary day is usually paid monthly, and during the end of the month and is important because this is the day they receive payment for the service which they have provided. Hours of Work: Sales assistant work for around 40 hours a week, over a 5 day period which Name of the contracted parties: This is where the employer and the employee are named with there addresses Starting date of the employee: This is the date of which the employee has begun working at Tesco’s. Job title and description: This is one of the most important sections in the contract, due to the fact that this is the bit where it is fully described on what the employee has to do, and what fits into their jobs guidelines. Address of workplace: This is the section where it clearly states the address of the place the employee will be working every day, and where they should go to every morning. Holiday entitlement: This is the section where it states how much holidays an employee is allowed. Usually for a sales operative on average its 4 weeks (20 days) of paid holiday per year. And every year after the first year an amount of 1 day is added to the paid holidays. Sickness entitlement: Contractual sick pay: the employee will receive their normal salary for a period of 4 weeks, in any 12 month period where a doctor’s certificate is produced after 7 consecutive days of sickness. Payments will be less statutory sick pay and any social security’s benefit due to the employee. So the sales operative would only be allowed to take 7 sick days off without a doctor’s note. Devoting full time to the company: This shows that the sales operative will need to devote their full attention to their job when they are at work. They are not allowed to spend any time phoning friends, or furthering other business interest at a time which Tesco is paying them. Reimburse of expenses: If a Tesco’s employee like the sales operative spends any money on the business of Tesco’s, then they need to keep the receipts so Tesco’s reimburse the amount in which the employee has spent. Disability: If a Tesco’s employee is injured at the workplace, Tesco’s are legally obliged to pay for their medical costs. Notice Periods: Time In Employment Minimum Notice Under 1 Month No Notice Over 1 Month 1 Week 2 Years Service 2 Weeks 3 to 12 years service One week for each year to a maximum of 12 weeks. Death Benefits: If one of the Tesco’s employees dies, then Tesco’s are legally obliged to compensate the family of the employee who just died. Oral Moderation not binding: This means that anything that are orally changed that might be made to the contract are not binding under the law of the United Kingdom. And if both the employee and the employer wish to have this a legal matter, they will need to write it down, agreed , and then Tesco’s and the employee have to both sign it Both the employee and the employer have to sign the contract otherwise, it is not a legally binding contract and can not be used in the court of law, if in any case needed.

Vignette

Application of ethical theory to a case study vignette Instructions: †¢ Choose ONE of the following four cases †¢ Identify key stakeholders in this case. Identify and discuss main (ethical) issues of this case in relation to the stakeholders. †¢ Evaluate the case using TWO ethical theories (you must use the theories that were taught in the lectures apart from Ethical Egoism). †¢ Explain how you would act / you would have acted in this situation, and why. Your word limit must not exceed 1,700 words. Do not forget to include your word count in Your essay.The essay will be marked using the following criteria: †¢ Identification of stakeholders and issues †¢ Outlining of main features of ethical theories and application of theories to case †¢ Style and Presentation (including authenticity and accurate referencing) Submission deadline is Friday, 25 January, 2013, 9pm. Failure to submit on time will result in a fail grade. You are required to submit your c oursework both electronically through TurnItIn (see instructions in module handbook), and as hard copy to the UniHelpdesk in the Sheppard Library.Please ensure that you submit exactly the same versions of your work as hard copy and electronic copy. The electronic copy is the one that will be marked. You should also be aware that students may beasked to attend a viva should there be any doubts regarding the authenticity of their work. Case 1 Safia, having completed her Business Management degree at Middlesex University, has found a job as executive assistant in a medium-sized city law firm. She very much enjoys her job and, although she has only been working for the firm for a few months, has already become a valuable and trusted employee.She has been asked by Jamal, the partner in the firm for whom she works, to organise the event that the firm hosts every year for its corporate clients. Her brief includes organising the catering (finger food and drinks) and because they are expecti ng up to 200 guests, she is required to follow the company guidelines, which state that she has to get quotes from four catering firms and then give the contract to the firm that offers best value for money. Meera, a close friend of Safia’s, has recently taken over her father’s struggling catering business.Meera’s father has been suffering from a long-standing and severe illness, which forced him to retire from the business. Safia knows that a large catering contract would provide a much needed boost to Meera’s business, and therefore includes it in the list of firms who she will ask to produce a quote for her. Even though the food and service offered in each quote is not exactly identical, Meera’s quote is not quite the best value for money. Safia asks Meera to revise her quote so that she can give her the business.Has Safia done the right thing? Case 2 Tom works for a small firm specialising in textile print designs. The firm has recently landed a contract with a large supermarket chain. Among other things, they have been asked to produce a print design for a sweatshirt, to be sold to young adult females. Tom is given the brief. He drafts various designs but is not very happy with them, neither is the managing director, who occasionally asks how Tom is getting on with his work. Tom is also busy working on a range of other projects.As the deadline approaches, Tom gets slightly desperate, but then while browsing the internet during his lunch break he comes across a girl called Nina’s internet blog. Nina is a fashion student and uses pictures of herself on her blog to advertise her own fashion designs. One of the photos depicts her in a dreamy-looking pose, and Tom thinks that with some flower pattern placed around the photo, that would make the perfect print design for the sweatshirt. Nina has a statement on her blog that says that all the content featured on her site belongs to her and permission for use any of her ph otos is required.He emails her to ask her permission to use her photo but does not hear back from her. The deadline arrives, he still hasn’t heard from Nina but he does not want to ask for an extension of deadline, knowing that the supermarket chain would not be pleased about it and also because he has been in trouble before for not meeting deadlines. He passes his design on to the managing director, who likes it. The managing director usually trusts that his employees work within copyright rules and therefore does not ask Tom any questions regarding the photo.The designs the company has produced find the supermarket’s approval and shortly afterwards clothes with the new print designs are going on sale in all their large stores across the country. Did Tom do the right thing? Case 3 Dr Victoria Patel is a non-executive board director at SuperSoftware, a FTSE 250 company. The company had been struggling for some time to retain its market share. As a result, SuperSoftware hired a new CEO called Richard Smart, with the aim to turn the company’s fortune around.Victoria is a member of the company’s nomination committee and as such was responsible, together with the other committee members, for the hiring of the new CEO. What impressed her and her fellow board directors was not only the experience Richard brought from his previous work roles but also his qualifications, which include a computer science degree from Harvard University and an MBA from the University of Chicago. One year on, SuperSoftware’s board directors are very happy with Richard Smart’s work.Following the implementation of his new strategic plan, the company has been gaining significant ground on its competitors. Furthermore, the CEO has been playing a vital role in the development of SuperSoftware’s CSR policy, which now includes a workplace scheme that the company offers to disadvantaged young people in the community. At a school reunion, Victoria r uns into her old friend Janet, with whom she had lost contact over the last few years. Victoria remembers that Janet also went to Harvard to study computer science and that would have been around the same time that Richard Smart was a student there, too.Victoria decides to mention her new CEO to Janet and ask her how well she remembers him from her time at Harvard. Janet gives Victoria a blank look and says that she had never heard Richard’s name before, she is nearly absolutely certain that no student with that name studied on the university’s computer science programme. Victoria is a little puzzled by this. She decides to check with the university herself and they confirm that Richard Smart has not been among their computer science graduates. What should Victoria do?Case 4 (adapted from Siu and Lam 2009) Sam works in the design department of Baby Mobile, a pram and children’s accessories manufacturer. In the past, the company has been quite successful in selli ng infant carriers that can also be used as infant car seats. However, the current models are relatively expensive to manufacture so profit-margins are rather low. Sam is member of the project team that has been asked to design a new, lighter weight model that should be in line with current trends but is also less expensive to manufacture.Michael, the head of the design department, makes it clear to the team that he expects them to develop the new model within the set deadline, especially as executive management have already communicated to shareholders their plans of launching a new, more profitable product. On the day of the deadline, the team reports to Michael that they have come up with a new design that meets the project brief. However, the new model, because of its lighter materials, currently has a slightly higher risk of handle collapse, which could cause injury to children.Their report states that they would need a few more weeks to find a solution to the problem with the handle. Michael Says that he will pass on their report to the executives. Two days later, Sam’s team learns that the executives have decided to treat the ‘handle problem’ as a quality issue and launch the model as it is to satisfy shareholder expectations, although Improvements to the product may be incorporated later on. Sam thinks of his sister who has not Too long ago given birth to a baby girl†¦ What should Sam do?

Essay on the Nature of Trade in General’

In the excerpt from R. Cantillion ‘Essay on the Nature of Trade in General’ relationship between price and costs of production are being described and explained. Author emphasizes that price of a commodity is a ‘measure of the Land and Labour which enter into its Production’. In other words, price consists of labour and manufacturing costs and should reflect the quality of these two factors. In the excerpt, author makes some accurate assumptions.Firstly, he notices the difference in value of land and labour: ‘One Acre of Land produces more Corn or feeds more Sheep than another. The work of one Man is dearer than that of another’. I am interpreting land as the quality of materials to produce a commodity and consider only labour included in manufacturing. So the fertility of land (which is equal to the quality of the good, as the more fertile land is, the tastier, nicer and bigger fruits it will produce) and quality of labour should be included in the price.Author uses example with wool suite to illustrate his observations : ‘If the Wool of the one Acre is made into a suit of coarse Cloth and the Wool of the other into a suit of fine Cloth, as the latter will require more work and dearer workmanship it will be sometimes ten times dearer’. So the suit of fine cloth will be more expensive than the one from coarse cloth even thought the price of materials used for these suits are the same. It means that price difference of the costumes is determined by the price of labour. Fine cloth suit requires more skilled work and at the same time more expensive work.Skilled workers, with more knowledge are more efficient so their labour costs more. Same relationship between price and quality of materials exist: ‘the price of the Hay in a Field, on the spot, or a Wood which it is proposed to cut down, is fixed by the matter or produce of the Land, according to its goodness’. Author uses phrases such as ‘land fertility’ and ‘quality of the produce of the land’, but for simplicity, let’s assumes that it is the quality of materials used for production or the quality of the good itself it is a raw material.The price of billets is determined by the quality of timber, the price of hay is determined by the quality of the grass cut. In this case the difference between two identical piles of wood or two rolls of hay is determined by the quality of the materials. This given example proves that relationship between the price and quality of the materials do exists. Another accurate observation was made about the surplus and the shortage influence to the price. Author used an example with corns: ‘If the Farmers in a State sow more corn than usual

David Suzuki

David Suzuki is the co- founder of the David Suzuki Foundation. He is an international award winning scientist. He’s just not a scientist; he’s also an environmentalist, a professor and a broadcaster. He is very famous for his programs that talks about the complexities of the natural science. He is known for expertise in genetics. David Suzuki wasn’t always interested in the environment. His father, Kaoru Carr Suzuki’s work got him interested and sensitized to nature. David Suzuki moved to London, Ontario with his family when he was in high school.He attended London Central Secondary School and was the Student Council president with the most votes combined for his last year there. After high school, he attended Amherst College and graduated in 1958 with diploma in Biology. He also got a Ph. D. in Zoology in 1961 from the University of Chicago. After getting his Ph. D. he has been a professor in the University of British Columbia for almost 40 years. Goals and Location: David Suzuki has his own organization called the David Suzuki Foundation. They think of very good projects to do to help save the environment and make it better.Their mission is to help protect the diversity of nature and our quality of life for the future. Their main goal is to help and improve the Earth! They help the Earth by doing things such as: Protecting the Climate, Transforming the Economy, Protecting nature, reconnecting with nature and Building Community. One of the main things they advise people of all ages to do its plant trees so it helps our earth to purify air and keep it a much greener place to live in. A lot of people know about his goals to help the environment and how to get involved in it because of the books that he writes.He is very successful as an author all around the world and so are his books. Some of his books are: Looking at the Environment, Looking at the Body, A Glimpse of Canada’s Future, and Earth Time etc. David Suzuki is known as the leader in sustainable ecology. The David Suzuki Foundation is located in Toronto, Ontario. David Suzuki does most of his work in Canada but also does many of his research outside of Canada, such as the USA. Major Projects: David Suzuki and his foundation work on many different projects throughout the year.There are 2 major projects that he and his organization are working on right now, which are: Race to the Top & Trottier Energy Futures Project. Race to the top is about trying to achieve the goal to slowing down climate changing affects. Climate change affects everyone and is affecting every individual out there. The action that climate change is taking is crucial and is really harming the earth. We can slow this crucial change by taking action today. By taking action, it helps protecting our future grandchildren and avoiding unwanted impacts.The biggest way we can take action for this cause is by trying to get the federal and provincial government involved so they can let the Citizens of Canada know how important this is. The second major project David Suzuki and his foundation are working on right now is the Trottier Energy Futures Project. This project is about how our future would be with a cleaner environment. It is trying to make Canada the leader in innovative clean-energy solutions. Canada can make this happen by developing energy systems that are secure, affordable, and free from harmful emissions and other environmental effects.This project is an effort to determine how Canada can dramatically reduce its emissions of the greenhouse gas that are the main cause of global climate change. Climate change is a very big problem because of the increased frequency of severe weather disasters has drawn attention to climate change as one of the most serious challenges facing humanity. This project will help because it will include scientific reviews of energy production and distribution opportunities available to Canada, taking in economic, social and environmental concerns. The Active Citizen:Anyone can get involved in making the Earth a better place. We can get involved by doing many things such as: Recycling Electronics, Reducing your Carbon Footprint, Connecting youth with nature and by making your workplace greener. Individually, you can recycle our electronics instead of throwing it away in landfills and harming the environment even more. One of the best places to recycle is with Think Recycle. You will be helping the David Suzuki Foundation to aid in protecting the nature and our quality of life. Recycling is cost-free and will help the David Suzuki Foundation to raise money.As a class, the best way to get involved is by connecting youth with nature. We could go to our family members, cousins and relatives and inform them about how we should protect the nature for the good of Earth. We could go to elementary schools and tell the children about how connecting them with nature is helpful for themselves and the Earth. Helping nature and spending time in nature helps kids improve their memory, problem solving skills and creativity. Kids also become physically healthier by doing this. On a School wide level, we can get involved by reducing our carbon footprint.We can do this by switching to energy efficient lighting, cutting our energy use, driving smarter, not polluting water and travelling sustainably. These are very successful ways to get involved in protecting our Earth. Successes and Failures: David Suzuki had a lot of successes but not many failures. The two most successful things he did in the past year is his book writing and making a huge change in BC. His books were sold all around the world which was telling citizens how we can protect the environment, what are we doing that’s harming our planet and many more exciting facts about nature.Citizens were doing things that would protect our planet and make it healthier. This all happened because David Suzuki’s books gave them interest in making our planet a better place. This was one of the most successful things David Suzuki did this year. He got British Columbia to reduce energy consumption by 7. 3% more than the rest of Canada. It was a very hard thing to do but it was accomplished. His organization plans to do more successful projects like this in the future. One of the things David Suzuki failed to do was to convince some people that we need the environment and our trees.The people wanted more growth to happen in a certain area without thinking of the harmful things that will happen to nature when we cut and destroy trees. David Suzuki was overall successful and barely experienced any failures. Global Citizenship: A Global Citizen is a responsible community member. David Suzuki is a Global Citizen because he always cared about nature and our environment. He has many goals that he has set to achieve in the future. He took the responsibility to take care of the environment that’s surrounding us. He made his own organization and got people involved to do what he always does.He makes books which millions of people read and also learn about how to protect our Earth. The project’s he does has been improving our environment more than ever. He is fighting against climate change, involving global warming, and its effects on the world. David Suzuki also plans to save wildlife in forests, which are losing their homes from industrial forest demolition. He is attempting to protect oceans and other bodies of water from pollution and the creatures living within it, with the help of people who are willing to save our water.David was nominated as one of the top ten â€Å"Greatest Canadians† by CBC viewers in 2004. This was because he was helping out Canadians by engaging the population of Canada to live healthier and use less resources offered by nature. He didn’t only win that award. He won lots more because he was determined to protect the diversity of Canada’s mari ne, freshwater and ecosystems. Lastly, he is one of the most amazing global citizens I know because his goal in his lifetime is to create a better planet for our generation and mostly the upcoming generations that are likely to inhabit our world.